Traditionally, the materials which are regarded as antigens recognized by gammadelta T lymphocytes are protein and carbohydrate, not nucleic acid or lipid. Recently, it has been demonstrated that gammadelta T cells can recognize lipid A and directly induce immune responses that involve CD1 (cluster of differentiation type 1) family and Toll like receptors (TLRs). This is a review about the interacting-mechanism, immunological effect and clinical application of them.