Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's colitis carry an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with more extensive colitis, greater duration of disease, concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis, and a family history of CRC are at greatest risk among UC patients. Young age at disease onset and greater inflammatory burden have also been proposed as risk factors. Maneuvers that limit the impact of cancer in colitis include prophylactic colectomy, which is unacceptable to most UC and Crohn's colitis patients, and dysplasia surveillance. Although recommended in a number of practice guidelines, surveillance has not yet been demonstrated to reduce CRC mortality or morbidity. A number of factors, including low levels of agreement among pathologists interpreting surveillance specimens, patients lost to follow-up, failure to recommend colectomy once dysplasia has been discovered, and others, hinder the success of surveillance. In an effort to compensate for the limitations of surveillance, chemoprevention and newer endoscopic and molecular techniques are being assessed for their effectiveness in augmenting or replacing conventional surveillance.