Prostanoids are the metabolic product of cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid. These prostanoids interact with a family of eight G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, which are abundantly expressed along the genitourinary tract and mediate the critical physiological actions of the prostanoids. These actions include modulation of renal glomerular hemodynamics, promotion of renal salt excretion, and maintenance of uroepithelial function and integrity. Normal functioning of prostanoid receptors is also a prerequisite for fertility and reproduction. Prostanoid receptor selective agonists and antagonists are likely to affect these processes quite differently from the simultaneous and global inhibition of all prostanoid synthesis that is achieved through the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.