Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates cytoskeleton and translocation of Rac1 in long cellular extensions of human keratinocytes

Exp Cell Res. 2004 Feb 1;293(1):68-80. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.09.026.

Abstract

Wound keratinocytes form long cellular extensions that facilitate their migration from the wound edge into provisional matrix. We have previously shown that similar extensions can be induced by a long-term exposure to EGF or rapidly by staurosporine in cultured cells. This morphological change depends on the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Here, we have characterized the cytoskeletal changes involved in formation of these extended lamellipodia (E-lam) in human HaCaT keratinocytes. E-lams contained actin filaments, stable microtubules and keratin intermediate filaments. E-lam formation was prevented by cytochalasin D, colchicine and low concentrations of taxol and nocodazole, suggesting that actin and microtubule organization and dynamics are essential for E-lam formation. Staurosporine induced recruitment of filamentous actin (F-actin), cortactin, filamin, Arp2/3 complex, Rac1 GTPase and phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) to lamellipodia. Treatment of cells with the GSK-3 inhibitors SB-415286 and LiCl(2) inhibited E-lam formation and prevented the accumulation of Rac1 and Arp2/3 complex at lamellipodia. The formation of E-lams was dependent on fibronectin-binding integrins and normally regulated Rac1, and expression of either dominant-negative or constitutively active forms of Rac1 prevented E-lam formation. Overexpression of either RhoA or Cdc42 GTPases suppressed E-lam formation. We conclude that extended lamellipodia formation in keratinocytes requires actin and tubulin assembly at the leading edge, and this process is regulated by Rac1 downstream of GSK-3.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aminophenols / pharmacology
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Colchicine / pharmacology
  • Cytochalasin D / pharmacology
  • Cytoskeleton / drug effects
  • Cytoskeleton / metabolism*
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic* / drug effects
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / metabolism*
  • Humans
  • Keratinocytes / metabolism*
  • Lithium Chloride / pharmacology
  • Maleimides / pharmacology
  • Nocodazole / pharmacology
  • Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • Paclitaxel / pharmacology
  • Pseudopodia / chemistry
  • Pseudopodia / metabolism*
  • Staurosporine / pharmacology
  • rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / biosynthesis
  • rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / genetics
  • rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / metabolism*

Substances

  • 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione
  • Aminophenols
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Maleimides
  • Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
  • Cytochalasin D
  • Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
  • rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
  • Lithium Chloride
  • Staurosporine
  • Paclitaxel
  • Nocodazole
  • Colchicine