The highly specific connection patterns of the mature CNS are shaped through finely regulated processes of axon growth and retraction. To investigate the relative contribution of cell-autonomous mechanisms and extrinsic cues in these events, we examined the development of Purkinje axon intracortical plexus in the rat cerebellum. During the first postnatal week, several new processes sprout from focal swellings along the initial portion of the Purkinje neurite and spread in the granular layer. Intense structural plasticity occurs during the following week, with pruning of collateral branches and remodeling of terminal arbors. The mature distribution of the Purkinje infraganglionic plexus, confined within the most superficial portion of the granular layer, is attained at approximately postnatal day 15. A similar neuritic branching pattern is also developed by Purkinje cells grown in cultures of dissociated cerebellar cells or transplanted to extracerebellar CNS regions, suggesting that cell-autonomous mechanisms contribute to determining the Purkinje axon phenotype. The structural remodeling of Purkinje intracortical plexus is concomitant with the development of cerebellar myelin. To ask whether myelin-associated factors contribute to the morphological maturation of Purkinje neurites, we prevented normal myelinogenesis by killing oligodendrocyte precursors with 5'-azacytidine or by applying neutralizing antibodies against the myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitor Nogo-A. In both conditions, Purkinje axons retained exuberant branches, and the terminal plexus spanned the entire extent of the granular layer. Thus, the formation of Purkinje axon collaterals is, in part, controlled by intrinsic determinants, but their growth and distribution are regulated by environmental signals, among which are myelin-derived cues.