Purpose: An increasing number of patients with an orthotopic neobladder and their expanding life expectancy necessitate an effective antireflux protection of the upper urinary tract. During the evolution of urinary diversion in the 20th century, several techniques to perform an ureteroileal anastomosis have been introduced. Those techniques most commonly used for orthotopic neobladders are discussed.
Materials and methods: Vascularization of both the ureteral ends and the recipient bowel as well as a meticulous surgical technique are necessary to reduce the reported postoperative stricture rate, which ranges between 3% and 30%. Variations such as preservation of additional periureteral adventitial tissue and its use for coverage of the ureterointestinal suture line are described. High-pressure urinary reflux may lead to mechanical damage of the renal parenchyma, whereas low-pressure occasional reflux in conjunction with chronic bacteriuria will lead to pyelonephritic changes and eventually deterioration of renal function. An intraluminal valve mechanism with increasing efficiency during pouch filling is clearly the most physiological form of antireflux mechanism. Interposition of an afferent ileal limb in addition to the antireflux valve seems advantageous due to the favorable vascularization in the dissected midureter.
Conclusions: Increased life expectancy in patients with orthotopic neobladders will increase the number of cases where access to the upper urinary tract becomes necessary due to a benign or malignant disease. Any technique that simultaneously provides an efficient antireflux mechanism and facilitates retrograde manipulation of the ureters (via the pouch) will be greatly appreciated by both patients and treating physicians.