Injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) lead to an inevitable and irreversible loss of function because of the lack of neurogenesis, poor regeneration, and the spread of degeneration. In most tissues, protection and repair are the function of the immune system. It has long been thought that this does not apply to the CNS, where--because of its immune-privileged character--any immune activity was assumed to be detrimental. We have recently proposed, however, that provided care is taken to avoid the attendant risks, both repair and protection of injured CNS neurons can benefit from immune intervention. In the following I will summarize the data that led to this concept and describe the evidence supporting it.