This study was conducted in order to identify the smoking prevalence among all doctors (N = 874) belonging to the medical associations in Fukui Prefecture and factors that might possibly indicate causal smoking habits. A survey was conducted from December of 1996 to February of 1997, using a self-administered questionnaire, and the response rate for the survey was 91%. The main results of this survey were as follows: The prevalence of smoking among male and female medical doctors was 28% and 8% respectively, which was lower than that of adults in the general population, but higher than that of doctors in the developed countries. The prevalence of smoking among doctors was almost highest when they were 20 to 29 years old, and that among medical practitioners with their own institution was higher than doctors employed by an institution. In particular, medical practitioners who did not smoke were more likely to restrict or ban smoking in their hospitals or clinics.