Background and purpose: The beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) has been detected in prostate cancer by immunologic and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques. Recently, prostate cells have been detected in human ejaculate. This study aimed to determine if beta-hCG could be detected by RT-PCR from prostatic mRNA isolated from semen, thus providing a noninvasive procedure for prostate cancer detection.
Results: Expression of beta-hCG in prostate cancer was confirmed by immunohistochemistry methods. The protein was associated with low-grade disease: Gleason Score 4 through 7 (N = 26; 69%) but not high-grade (Gleason 8 or 9) or metastatic (lymph node) disease (N = 12; 8%). Normal prostate tissue was negative for beta-hCG (N = 14). The beta-hCG RT-PCR was performed on RNA extracted from seven human prostate cancer cell lines, which showed variable expression of beta-hCG mRNA. Semen was collected from patients suspected of having carcinoma of the prostate (N = 94) and from volunteers who were under the age of 30 years and had no family history of prostate cancer (N = 9). mRNA for beta-hCG was detected in the ejaculates of 12% of the patients with confirmed prostate cancer (N = 42) but not in any patients found to be negative for cancer (N = 52). Expression of beta-hCG mRNA was found in 22% of the control samples.
Conclusions: The beta-hCG protein is expressed in low-grade prostate cancer and can be detected by RT-PCR in both prostate cancer cell lines and human ejaculate. However, the low percentage of detection in ejaculate suggests that beta-hCG in semen does not provide a useful marker for early prostate cancer detection.