Docetaxel has been implicated as a causative agent in peripheral neuropathy, but pathological changes in peripheral nerve have not been described. During docetaxel treatment a 54-year-old man developed a sensorimotor polyneuropathy when the overall docetaxel dosage was 540 mg/m(2). Neurophysiological investigation revealed a sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. Fascicular sural nerve biopsy showed an axonal neuropathy with a preferentially loss of large myelinated fibers. There was evidence of considerable fiber regeneration. Sensory and motor symptoms progressively improved after docetaxel withdrawal.