The embryonated bird egg provides a simple whole organism test system that allows examination of xenoestrogenic effects at different levels of biological organisation. Test compounds are injected into the yolk, the albumen or the air chamber at defined stages of embryonic development. Bioavailability and embryonic exposure may be determined by autoradiography and image analysis. Females represent the heterogametic sex (ZW) and estrogens determine differentiation into the female phenotype in birds. Xenoestrogenic effects can be examined by markers of gene expression and anatomical or histological characterization of the gonads and tubular sex organs. Chicks may be raised to sexual maturity and examination of sexual behaviour and reproductive physiology performed. The Japanese quail is a suitable test organism due to its small size and early sexual maturation.